HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH

 Climate change has profound implications for the health of livestock, humans, and wildlife, primarily through its influence on the distribution, prevalence, and severity of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Here is an overview of its impacts: 1. Impact on Livestock Diseases a. Vector-Borne Diseases Expansion of Vectors : Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns allow disease vectors like ticks, mosquitoes, and midges to expand into new regions, spreading diseases such as: Bluetongue : Transmitted by midges, now occurring in previously unaffected temperate zones. Rift Valley Fever : Linked to heavy rainfall and flooding. Tick-Borne Diseases : Such as babesiosis and anaplasmosis. b. Environmental Stress Heat stress reduces livestock immunity, making them more susceptible to diseases such as mastitis and respiratory illnesses. Changes in water availability and quality can lead to outbreaks of diseases like anthrax, which thrives in drought-prone areas when dormant sp

 Animal and wildlife diseases spreading to humans, termed zoonoses , pose significant public health challenges. Understanding their causes and implementing prevention measures are essential to mitigate their impacts. Causes of Zoonotic Disease Spread Direct Contact Interaction with infected animals, their blood, saliva, urine, or feces. Example: Rabies through bites or scratches. Indirect Contact Contaminated surfaces or environments, such as bedding, cages, or soil. Example: Toxoplasmosis from handling infected cat litter. Vector-Borne Transmission Insect vectors like mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas carrying pathogens from animals to humans. Example: Lyme disease from tick bites, Malaria from mosquitoes. Foodborne Transmission Consumption of undercooked meat, raw milk, or contaminated food products. Example: Salmonella from eggs or Campylobacter from poultry. Waterborne Transmission Drinking or swimming in water contaminated with animal waste. Example: Leptospirosis or Cryptosporidiosis.