HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH

  Making your own chicken treats is a wonderful way to supplement their diet, reduce kitchen waste, and strengthen your bond with your flock. Here’s a practical guide to creating nutritious, safe, and fun treats. 🚫  First, The Golden Rules Treats in Moderation:  Treats should never exceed  10%  of their daily intake. The core of their diet (90%+) must be a  complete layer feed  to ensure proper nutrition. No Spoiled or Moldy Food:  This can cause serious illness. Avoid Harmful Foods:  Never give avocado, chocolate, dried beans, green potato skins, caffeine, or salty/processed foods. Always Provide Fresh Water:  Especially when giving treats. ✅  Safe & Healthy Base Ingredients Grains:  Oats, cooked rice, quinoa, pasta (cooked, unsalted). Proteins:  Mealworms (dried or live), scrambled eggs (shell included, crushed!), plain yogurt. Vegetables:  Leafy greens, cucumbers, zucchini, pumpkin, squash, cooked sweet potato...

  1. What is Mastitis? Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, typically caused by bacterial infection. It is one of the most common and costly diseases in dairy farming, impacting milk yield, milk quality, and animal welfare. 2. Identification of Mastitis A. Clinical Mastitis (Visible Signs) Changes in Milk:  Clots, flakes, watery or discolored (yellow, pink) milk. Udder Changes:  Swelling, redness, heat, hardness, or pain in the udder. Systemic Signs (in severe cases):  Fever, lethargy, reduced appetite, dehydration. B. Subclinical Mastitis (No Visible Signs) Detected through: Somatic Cell Count (SCC):  Individual cow SCC >200,000 cells/mL indicates infection. California Mastitis Test (CMT):  A quick, low-cost paddle test to detect elevated SCC. Electrical Conductivity:  Higher conductivity due to increased ions from inflammation. Bacterial Culture:  Identifies specific pathogens. Key Pathogens: Contagious:   Staphylococcus aur...

  Newcastle Disease (ND) is a highly contagious, often severe, viral disease affecting birds worldwide, especially poultry. It is caused by virulent strains of   Avian Orthoavulavirus 1   (formerly Avian Paramyxovirus type 1). It is a major threat to the poultry industry due to its potential for high mortality and trade restrictions. Symptoms Symptoms vary greatly depending on the virus strain ( pathotype ), bird species, age, immune status, and co-infections. The main pathotypes are: Velogenic (Viscerotropic)  - Very virulent, causes acute, lethal systemic disease. Sudden, high mortality  (can reach 100%). Severe depression, loss of appetite. Greenish, watery diarrhea . Facial edema (swelling)  around eyes and neck. Respiratory distress : gasping, coughing, gurgling, nasal discharge. Neurological signs  (also common in neurotropic strains): tremors, paralyzed wings/legs, twisted necks (torticollis), circling, paralysis. Hemorrhages at the tips of the ...

Bringing a new kitten home is an exciting adventure! Those first 30 days are crucial for setting the foundation for a healthy, happy, and well-adjusted cat. Here’s your week-by-week guide to navigating this special time. Before You Bring Your Kitten Home (Preparation Week) Create a Safe Room:  Choose a quiet, low-traffic room (like a bedroom or bathroom) where your kitten can adjust without being overwhelmed. Equip it with: Food and water bowls (stainless steel or ceramic are best) Litter box (use unscented, clumping litter; place it far from food) Cozy bed or blanket Scratching post A few safe toys (no small, swallowable parts) Kitten-Proof Your Home:  Get on your hands and knees to spot hazards: electrical cords, toxic plants, small objects, open windows, and spaces behind appliances. Supplies Checklist: High-quality kitten food (wet & dry) Carrier Grooming supplies (soft brush, nail clippers) Enzymatic cleaner for accidents Week 1: Settlement & Observation (Days 1-7...