HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH

Always consult with your veterinarian   to create a personalized plan, as recommendations can vary based on your pet's age, health, lifestyle, and geographic location. Core vs. Non-Core Vaccines Core Vaccines:  Essential for all pets due to the severity and transmissibility of the diseases. Non-Core (Lifestyle) Vaccines:  Recommended based on risk factors like outdoor access, boarding, or regional prevalence. For Dogs Core Vaccines: DA2PP (DHPP) – Distemper, Adenovirus-2, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza: Why:  Protects against severe, often fatal, viral diseases. Puppy Schedule:  Every 3-4 weeks starting at 6-8 weeks old, until 16-20 weeks old. Adult Booster:  1 year after the last puppy shot, then typically every 3 years. Rabies: Why:  Legally required, fatal zoonotic disease (transmissible to humans). Schedule:  First vaccine at 12-16 weeks, booster in 1 year, then every 1 or 3 years as per local law and vaccine type. Common Non-Core Vaccines: Bordete...

  1. What is Mastitis? Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, typically caused by bacterial infection. It is one of the most common and costly diseases in dairy farming, impacting milk yield, milk quality, and animal welfare. 2. Identification of Mastitis A. Clinical Mastitis (Visible Signs) Changes in Milk:  Clots, flakes, watery or discolored (yellow, pink) milk. Udder Changes:  Swelling, redness, heat, hardness, or pain in the udder. Systemic Signs (in severe cases):  Fever, lethargy, reduced appetite, dehydration. B. Subclinical Mastitis (No Visible Signs) Detected through: Somatic Cell Count (SCC):  Individual cow SCC >200,000 cells/mL indicates infection. California Mastitis Test (CMT):  A quick, low-cost paddle test to detect elevated SCC. Electrical Conductivity:  Higher conductivity due to increased ions from inflammation. Bacterial Culture:  Identifies specific pathogens. Key Pathogens: Contagious:   Staphylococcus aur...

  Newcastle Disease (ND) is a highly contagious, often severe, viral disease affecting birds worldwide, especially poultry. It is caused by virulent strains of   Avian Orthoavulavirus 1   (formerly Avian Paramyxovirus type 1). It is a major threat to the poultry industry due to its potential for high mortality and trade restrictions. Symptoms Symptoms vary greatly depending on the virus strain ( pathotype ), bird species, age, immune status, and co-infections. The main pathotypes are: Velogenic (Viscerotropic)  - Very virulent, causes acute, lethal systemic disease. Sudden, high mortality  (can reach 100%). Severe depression, loss of appetite. Greenish, watery diarrhea . Facial edema (swelling)  around eyes and neck. Respiratory distress : gasping, coughing, gurgling, nasal discharge. Neurological signs  (also common in neurotropic strains): tremors, paralyzed wings/legs, twisted necks (torticollis), circling, paralysis. Hemorrhages at the tips of the ...

Bringing a new kitten home is an exciting adventure! Those first 30 days are crucial for setting the foundation for a healthy, happy, and well-adjusted cat. Here’s your week-by-week guide to navigating this special time. Before You Bring Your Kitten Home (Preparation Week) Create a Safe Room:  Choose a quiet, low-traffic room (like a bedroom or bathroom) where your kitten can adjust without being overwhelmed. Equip it with: Food and water bowls (stainless steel or ceramic are best) Litter box (use unscented, clumping litter; place it far from food) Cozy bed or blanket Scratching post A few safe toys (no small, swallowable parts) Kitten-Proof Your Home:  Get on your hands and knees to spot hazards: electrical cords, toxic plants, small objects, open windows, and spaces behind appliances. Supplies Checklist: High-quality kitten food (wet & dry) Carrier Grooming supplies (soft brush, nail clippers) Enzymatic cleaner for accidents Week 1: Settlement & Observation (Days 1-7...